All these games are probably ancient and derived from simple gambling games in which the aim was to determine a loser who had to pay for the next round of drinks (c.f. Meanwhile the rules of the French game, Vieux Garçon, first appear in 1853. However, it may well be older and derived the German game of Black Peter whose rules are recorded as early as 1821. The rules of the game are first recorded in a book for girls by Eliza Leslie, who published them in America in 1831 and England in 1835 under the names Old Maid (when played by girls) or Old Bachelor (when played by boys). Old Maid is a 19th century, American card game for two or more players, probably deriving from an ancient European gambling game in which the loser pays for the drinks.
